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What is BNB Smart Chain BNB Smart Chain (BSC) is an EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain network that uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism. Originally launched by Binance in 2020 as "Binance Smart Chain," it was rebranded to BNB Smart Cha...

What is Base Base is an Ethereum Layer 2 (L2) blockchain network built by Coinbase using the Optimism OP Stack. It is an optimistic rollup that processes transactions off Ethereum L1 for lower cost and higher throughput, while posting transaction data back to ...

What is Arbitrum One Arbitrum One is an Ethereum Layer 2 (L2) blockchain network that uses optimistic rollup technology to process transactions off Ethereum L1 at lower cost and higher throughput, while inheriting Ethereum's security for final settlement. Deve...

What is Polygon Polygon is a blockchain scaling ecosystem built around Ethereum. It provides a family of solutions — including a Proof-of-Stake sidechain and a zero-knowledge (ZK) rollup — designed to make Ethereum transactions faster and cheaper while inherit...

What is Avalanche Avalanche is a Layer-1 blockchain platform designed for high throughput, low latency, and the ability to host independent, application-specific networks called subnets. It was launched by Ava Labs and uses a family of consensus protocols — mo...

What is Bittensor Bittensor is a decentralized Layer-1 network purpose-built for artificial intelligence. It provides an open, permissionless protocol where independent participants — miners and validators — collaborate to produce, evaluate, and serve AI outpu...

What is a Layer 1 (L1) blockchain A Layer 1 (L1) blockchain is the base-layer network that provides its own consensus, security, and finality without depending on any other chain. When people refer to "a blockchain" in the most fundamental sense, they are usua...

What is a Layer 2 (L2) blockchain A Layer 2 (L2) blockchain is a network built on top of a Layer 1 (L1) blockchain that processes transactions separately from the L1 but uses the L1 for final settlement and security. L2s exist to solve a fundamental problem: p...

What is an appchain An appchain (application-specific blockchain) is a blockchain built to serve a single application or a narrow set of related functions. Unlike general-purpose chains — where hundreds of unrelated applications share the same block space, val...

What is the EVM The EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) is the computation engine that powers Ethereum and a large number of other blockchains. It is the software environment that executes smart contracts — self-enforcing programs stored on the blockchain. When a d...

What is a non-EVM blockchain A non-EVM blockchain is any blockchain that does not use the Ethereum Virtual Machine as its execution engine. Instead of running Solidity bytecode, non-EVM chains use different virtual machines, different programming languages, an...

What is a subnet A subnet (subnetwork) is an independent, purpose-built network that operates within or alongside a larger blockchain platform. Instead of forcing every application to share the same set of validators, rules, and throughput, a subnet allows a s...

What is multichain and cross-chain Multichain describes a project that exists or operates on more than one blockchain simultaneously. Cross-chain refers to the ability to move assets, data, or messages between different blockchains. A bridge is the specific me...

What is a blockchain bridge A blockchain bridge is a protocol or system that enables the transfer of assets, data, or messages between two separate blockchain networks. Because blockchains are independent ledgers with no built-in ability to read each other's s...

What is a blockchain oracle A blockchain oracle is a service that supplies external data to smart contracts on a blockchain. Smart contracts can only access information that already exists on their own chain — they cannot call external APIs, read web pages, or...

What is RPC RPC (Remote Procedure Call) is a communication protocol that allows an application to request a service from a program running on another computer without needing to understand the details of that computer's network. In the blockchain context, RPC ...

What is privacy in crypto and AI Privacy in the context of crypto and AI refers to the ability to process, store, and transmit data without exposing it to unauthorized parties. In decentralized systems, privacy is especially challenging because blockchains are...

What is a TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) A Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) is a secure, hardware-isolated area within a processor that runs code and processes data in a way that is protected from the rest of the system — including the operating system...